Designing the Framework of Information Technology Initiatives for Better City Development. Domain: Education and Social Community

Nurizka Fitrianingrum
Information Systems and Technology
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
18213002@std.stei.itb.ac.id

Arry Akhmad Arman
Information Systems and Technology
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia
arman@stei.itb.ac.id

Abstract

The city is the multidimensional megasystem so that ideal city services are difficult to realize. But the city as the center of activities in support of the needs of the community must be able to continue to improve its services so that the city can be developed to become a better city with initiatives for changes to the three main aspects of urban areas. This research will write out the making of the framework of information technology-based initiatives that will help planning and management of the city in order to run initiatives for the development of the city based on the corridor of the ideal city indicator on the domain of education and social community.

Keywords — City; Framework; Initiative; Indicator; Education; Social Community

I. PREAMBLE

A. Background

Living in an ideal city—a city that is able to give a sense of security, comfort, services to meet all the needs of the community, facilities to develop sustainably and feeling free from all problems. But the city is a great system with various aspects that interact in it so that it will be very difficult to create conditions and services appropriately according to the concept of the ideal city. However, the city as the center of activities in support of the needs of the community must be able to continue to improve its services so that the city can be developed to become a better city. The development of a better city is expected to gradually approach the characteristics of the concept of the ideal city. In order for the city and board planner to understand the characteristics of the ideal city, indicators that can be used to measure the progress of a city toward a better direction are required.

The development of the city will include various domains, starting from shelter, sanitation, economy, education, health, security, transportation, environment, resources of the government and so on. Every domain has the task to provide services to meet the needs of the community. But along with the development of a city, it is predicted in the year 1598, 64% from developing countries and 86% from developed countries will experience rapid urbanization [1] which causes huge problems, such as the capacity of service provision, the uneven distribution of public services, social education which is not reachable, the level of unemployment and high rates of illiteracy and so on. This happens because the city could not offset the number of city community that is growing fast [1].

Manfred Konukiewitz asserts that to carry out the technical support for effective implementation in the development of the city, changes to the three main aspects are required, namely city hardware, city software and the attitude of the actors in the city need to be changed [2]. To make the necessary changes, the existence of concrete efforts/initiatives is required.

Indonesia, with its diversity of 98 cities, has Law No. 25 of 2004 that writes about the national development system, which is the formulation of the general public about the efforts that will be carried out to achieve the desired situation. But conventional initiatives are deemed not enough to answer the problems of the city that are getting more complex, so additional information technology-based smart initiatives are required that can help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of services so that the problems of the city can be more easily resolved.

The implementation of the initiative is expected to improve the measurement of the achievements of the ideal city indicator, so that city development efforts toward becoming better can be monitored. But sometimes the implementation of an initiative does not always exactly target making a city become better, besides also sometimes initiatives that should be able to make a better city are not carried out as well as possible.

In order for the implementation of the initiative to be a move to improve the measurement of the achievements of the ideal city so that the city can develop better, a framework is needed that can write out the indicators and initiatives of the city in a structured, integrated and holistic approach, so that its components can provide a clearer picture to city managers and planners of what will be targeted by an ideal city indicator and the components that can write out the steps from planning until the implementation of a good initiative, both information technology-based initiatives and conventional initiatives.

In the end, this framework can help the planning and management of the city to cultivate the development of the city in order to continue to develop to be better in the whole domain of urban areas. On the implementation of this last task, the design framework will be focused on the domain of education and the domain of social community.

B. Supported Theory

1) City

The city and urbanism materialized as a mixture of three parameters, namely urban hardware (masses built), urban software (system/ways), as well as the development of urban players (man) [3].

Image required — Fig. 1. City Aspect

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 1. City Aspect

2) Domain

The domain is a field of the main attention in the city planning process so that the process of city planning can be used in one of the fields and for coordination between those areas [4]. The field is also used for the later can share a city ideal indicator based on the service and the scope of the indicator application [5].

3) Indicators References

The indicator is a measure of the characteristics of the ideal city. The sources of the city indicators used are ISO 37120 [5], Garuda Smart City Model [2], European Smart City [6], India Smart City [1], Minimum Service Standards [7] and Performance Report [8].

4) Framework

The framework is a system design that can be used repeatedly and describes how the system decomposes into a collection of objects that interact with each other [9]. The framework is used as a basic component overview, making references to the COBIT framework [10], TOGAF 9.1 [11], and Zachman Framework [12].

II. METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in this research is adapted from the Design Research Methodology [13] that is divided into five steps.

Image required — Fig. 2. Research Methodology

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 2. Research Methodology

III. FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS

A. City Indicators Analysis

The city indicator is the parameter used to measure the purpose of the ideal city. The city indicator refers to the documents as sources of benchmark indicators, namely ISO 37120, GSCM, EUSC, ISC, and Indonesian government official documents such as MSS and LAKIP BKBPM. Analysis of the city indicator has the making process as described in Fig. 3.

Image required — Fig. 3. City Indicators Analysis

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 3. City Indicators Analysis

1) Education Domain

The indicator on the domain of education will refer to the indicators from the documents of reference indicator sources that have direction on aspects of education, human resource development and the quality of the competence of the community. Parts that become the reference are as follows:

1. ISO37120 Domain Educations
2. GSCM, Education Factors from Smart Economy
3. EUSC, Education Facility from Smart Living and Public and Social Services from Smart Governance
4. ISC, Social and Economy performances.

Based on the six reference indicators, produced in Table I eight domain indicators of education.

Table I. Education Domain Indicators

ID	Indicator
EDU-IND001	Teacher and student ratio
EDU-IND002	Percentage of population enrolled in school
EDU-IND003	Percentage of population completing primary education
EDU-IND004	Percentage of population completing secondary education
EDU-IND005	Percentage of population receiving higher education
EDU-IND006	Percentage of illiterate population
EDU-IND007	Percentage of unemployed people who have received up to secondary education but live below the standard of living
EDU-IND008	Availability and optimal distribution of educational facilities

2) Social Community Domain

The indicators in the social community domain will refer to indicators from the reference indicator source documents that have direction toward social, community, interaction and social service aspects. The parts that become the reference are as follows:

1. GSCM, Public Services and Social Digital Interaction from Smart Society
2. ISC, Social performances
3. Minimum Service Standards, social domain
4. Performance Indicator from LAKIP BKBPM

Based on the five reference indicators, produced in Table II four domain indicators of social community.

Table II. Social Community Domain Indicators

ID	Indicator
SSM-IND001	Availability of open social services for the public community
SSM-IND002	Optimal and evenly distributed access to social services for the public community
SSM-IND003	Community participation in social community activities
SSM-IND004	Number of social communities in the community

B. City Initiative Analysis

The initiative is often used in the context of planning, because the initiative can mean as goodwill or a list of concrete steps to achieve a purpose. In the context of the city initiative framework, the initiative is a list of concrete steps that was done in order to achieve the goal of the ideal city indicators.

To raise an initiative, an analysis process was followed by the rules of design thinking [14]. In Fig. 4, the spirit of the city analysis process is described.

Image required — Fig. 4. City Initiative Analysis

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 4. City Initiative Analysis

Based on the process in Fig. 4, eight initiatives were produced in the domain of education which can be seen in Table III and four initiatives in the domain of social community can be seen in Table IV.

Table III. Education Domain Initiatives

ID	Indicator
EDU-INT001	Integration of Education Actors Data
EDU-INT002	Open Education Institute
EDU-INT003	Multipurpose Library
EDU-INT004	Compulsory Basic Education Program
EDU-INT005	Teacher Equivalency Program
EDU-INT006	Competency Training Program
EDU-INT007	Part-time Work Platform
EDU-INT008	Scholarship Platform

Table IV. Social Community Domain Initiatives

ID	Indicator
SSM-INT001	Multipurpose Subdistrict Office
SSM-INT002	Social Service Information Media
SSM-INT003	Community and Community Activities Platform
SSM-INT004	Community Awareness Campaign

C. Framework Component Analysis

To get the building blocks of KKITI components, required components need to be studied. There are two types of component needs: based on the needs of the early objective why KKITI was made and needs based on the basic components of standard building blocks of the framework.

1) Requirements based on purpose

Based on the background of the framework, the principle of the ideal city, the process of understanding the indicator, information technology as an enabler of smart city, scope of indicators and initiatives, prototype phase in the analysis of the initiative and the purpose of the end of the smart city produce 11 components that are:

1. Indicators
2. Initiative
3. Domain
4. Purpose Indicators
5. Measurement Indicators
6. Impact
7. Feasibility
8. Product
9. Process
10. Perpetrators
11. Category

2) Requirements based on standard components

Based on the comparison of the three components of the framework that become the source of reference for the COBIT, 9.1 TOGAF and Zachman Framework, there are several components that can be stated as the basic components which build a framework in general:

1. Executive Summary
2. Background
3. The Concept and general information
4. Document Navigation
5. Name and description of issues
6. Hierarchical Model of issues
7. Resources
8. Targets and size
9. The Purpose of the issue
10. Perpetrators and the role
11. Relations mapping
12. Point of view

3) Final components

Based on the two studies of requirements above, the building blocks consist of 15 components which could be seen in Framework Design.

IV. FRAMEWORK DESIGN

The design components of the framework based on the analysis of the components are described in Table V. Each component will have an explanation and an example of the implementation of the indicators and one random initiative on a domain.

A. Navigation and Introduction

Is a component that helps users in using the framework consisting of the Preface that outlines a brief about KKITI, outline that can be seen on Fig. 5, how to read the components and codification.

Image required — Fig. 5. Outline KKITI

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 5. Outline KKITI

B. Domain

Is a component that outlines related to the domain of the discussion that can be seen for example in Fig. 6.

Image required — Fig. 6. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 6. Implementation of Components

C. Indicators

1) Descriptions, Purpose, Related

The description explains the indicator related to the in-depth indicator purposes related to explain what will be achieved by the indicator and the source of the reference is indicators of the source of the references used to create the indicator. Follows on the Fig. 7 sample implementation of three components.

Image required — Fig. 7. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 7. Implementation of Components

2) Measurements

The measurement of the indicators outlining on how to measure the purpose of the indicators on the real case in a city. Follows on the Fig. 8 an example of the implementation of the components of the measurement of the indicator.

Image required — Fig. 8. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 8. Implementation of Components

D. Initiatives

1) Description, Feature, Category

Components of the description of the initiative outlines such as what the initiative will achieve the goal of the indicator in the main features of lists such as what the initiative will be built and the category shows whether the initiative including the efforts based on information technology or conventional efforts. Follows on the Fig. 9 an example of the implementation of the three components.

Image required — Fig. 9. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 9. Implementation of Components

2) Process

Components of the initiative process write out by detail on the implementation of the initiative with managerial an elaboration Plan, Build, Run, Monitoring [10]. Following on from the implementation example from Fig. 10 process components.

Image required — Fig. 10. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 10. Implementation of Components

3) Actor

Actors components identify the parties involved in the implementation of the initiative. Following on from the implementation example from Fig. 11 of actor's components.

Image required — Fig. 11. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 11. Implementation of Components

4) Role

Components of the role outlines the relationship between the actors with an elaboration of the initiative using RACI chart [15]. Following on from the implementation example from Fig. 12 role components.

Image required — Fig. 12. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 12. Implementation of Components

5) Infrastructure

Outlining the infrastructure component of resources in addition to the human resources that need to be prepared. Follows on the Fig. 13 sample implementation infrastructure components.

Image required — Fig. 13. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 13. Implementation of Components

6) Feasibility

The Components feasibility outlines whether an initiative can be implemented with city resources that are currently available and can provide a significant impact by using force-field analysis [15]. Follows on the Fig. 14 sample implementation feasibility components.

Image required — Fig. 14. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 14. Implementation of Components

E. Mapping and Impact

Each initiative has several indicators that meet its purpose and each of the indicators has several initiatives that support the achievement of the purpose. Fig. 15 is implementation table of the indicators that are met and Fig. 16 is implementation table of supporting initiatives.

Image required — Fig. 15. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 15. Implementation of Components

Image required — Fig. 16. Implementation of Components

Insert the original figure here.

Fig. 16. Implementation of Components

V. FRAMEWORK EVALUATION

The evaluation done in this research is an examination of completeness, fulfilling the need that produced that 15 components is fully meet all the needs and evaluation of the use of the framework by creating a scenario that produced that KKITI can be used with the relevant case studies.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

The framework of information technology initiatives has succeeded in identifying and outlining the eight indicators and eight initiatives in the domain of education along with four indicators and four initiatives in the domain of social community against fifteen components.

In order for the framework of information technology initiatives for the development of a better city to produce a better impact, collaboration with practitioners in the related domain is needed.

REFERENCES

[1] R. Vedashree, M. Bose, V. Prabhakar, V. Sharma and R. Mehrotra, "Integrated ICT and Geospatial Technologies Framework for 100 Smart Cities Mission," NASSCOM, New Delhi, 2015.

[2] S. H. Supangkat, Introduction and Development of Smart City, Bandung: e-Indonesia Initiatives, 2015.

[3] M. Zahnd, Integrated City Design, Theory of City Design and Its Application, Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1999.

[4] A. B. Gallion and S. Eisner, Introduction to City Design: City Design and Planning, Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 1992.

[5] International Organization for Standardization, ISO 37120 Sustainable Development of Communities: Indicators for City Services, Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2014.

[6] R. Giffinger, "Smart Cities - Ranking of European Union Medium-Sized Cities," Vienna UT, Vienna, 2007.

[7] Republik Indonesia, Law Number 23 of 2014 Concerning Regional Government, Jakarta, 2014.

[8] Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kota Bandung, BKBPM Government Agency Performance Report, Bandung, 2015.

[9] A. Ramadhan, "Development of a Simple Framework for School Information System Applications," ITB, Bandung, 2008.

[10] Information Systems Audit and Control Association, COBIT 5: Enabling Process, Illinois: Information Systems Audit and Control Association, 2012.

[11] The Open Group, TOGAF 9.1, The Open Group, 2011.

[12] J. Zachman, The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture, John Zachman, 1987.

[13] L. T. Blessing and A. Chakrabarti, DRM, a Design Research Methodology, Springer, 2009.

[14] Nielsen Norman Group, "Design Thinking 101," 31 July 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/ .

[15] J. Cadle, D. Paul and P. Turner, Business Analysis Techniques - 72 Essential Tools for Success, Chippenham: British Informatics Society Limited, 2010.